In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management when he proposed the two motivational theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous x y theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory y management style is suited to knowledge work and professional services. According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. Classical management theorists, such as fredrick taylor, focused on scientific training and efficiency and did not account for personal and behavioral issues, such as management styles or job satisfaction. Ahmed king fahd university of petroleum and minerals saudi arabia energy consumption in pumping systems accounts for approximately 20% of the worlds electrical energy demand. Theory y principles to encourage knowledge sharing and continuous improvement. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Grandey 2004 argued that theory x managers mainly focus on task accomplishment.
Be careful with it now because i will not bear this messy work like you did the last time. Armed with a working t y p o l o and some guides for mapping worldsystems, we now suggest how to begin building a theory of worldsystem transformations, steps toward a theory o f transformations fram our andyses of modes of accumulation we can see that there are only three major watersheds m compare. Because people dislike work they have to be coerced or controlled by management and. Theory x encourages use of tight control and supervision. By simplicity, we split the complete solution into an even and an odd solution. We consider sun theory with nf fundamental flavors. People view work as being as natural as play and rest. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Theory x and theory y behavior scale kopelman, prottas, and falk, 2008. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. Suppose the spt phase x protected by a symmetry g with three. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y.
Theory x is often said to describe a traditional view of direction and control. Andrea, maksim and laura limitations of theory x and theory y cannot straight away determine everyone is either x or y some individuals might have a mix of theory x and y more than two ways to view on working people in the management. Implications of theory x and theory y quite a few organizations use theory x today. This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it applies in the workplace. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. He referred to these opposing motivational theories as theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory x type organizations seemed to believe. Theory x and theory y framework proposed by mcgregor in his classic book the human side of enterprise 1960 consists of two alternative set of assumptions. Theory y implies a more self directed workforce that takes an interest in the goals. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories.
Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. Otokiti 2000 mcgregors theory x and y remains central to organisational development and to improving organisational culture. Theory y, is an advanced theory, wherein it is assumed that the workers are selfdirected and selfmotivated, for growth and development and takes active part in decision making. All business activities could be split into six groups namely. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Workers are committed and can work independently without direction to achieve the goals of the organization by using creative ways to. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. Theory x percieves employees to be lazy, irresponsible and untrustworthy, while according to theory y employees are approached as one of the most valuable assets of the company. Coates 2007 2012 power amplifiers introduction to power amplifiers power amplifiers amplifier circuits form the basis of most electronic systems, many of which need to produce high power to drive some output device. Mcgreogors theory explained in animation created using powtoon free sign up at youtube create animated videos and animated p. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Two of the surveys had to be eliminated due to missing. Moreover, the operational cost of pumping machinery. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop.
A fifth section consisting of three items relating to leisure time activities was added to the later. Theory x and theory y, developed by douglas mcgregor, grew out of opposition towards classical management methods. The concept of theory x and theory y was first proposed by douglas mcgregor in his book human side of enterprise as a alternative sets assumptions about behavior and nature of people at work. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Humans inherently dislike working and will try to avoid it if they can. It also suggests, by being a precursor to x and y in the alphabet, that we are talking about a theory. Existing image on which to base the cow image dcnl. The intense bit goes with mcgregors theory x, which assumes that workers naturally do less than they can, so they need to be prodded along, with careful supervision and an extensive array of punishments and rewards. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, mcgregor proposed two theories by which managers perceive and address employee.
Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Application theory x management style is widely accepted as inferior to others, it has its place in large scale production operation and unskilled production line work. Explanation of fourteen points of management by edward deming. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work. Theory x the theory leads to mistrust, highly restrictive supervision, a punitive atmosphere, threat and coercion to gain employees compliance theory x managers feel the sole purpose of the employees interest in the job is money they will blame the person, without questioning whether it. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Identify each managers comments about employees according to the theory x and theory y as given below.
The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. Theory x is a motivational theory, which involves high supervision and control over the subordinates, and greater degree of centralization. Humans expend the same amount of physical and mental effort in their work as in their private lives. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. Implications of theory x and theory y implications of. Pdf management theories have been the subject matter view for over the decades as. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960. Theory x is formulated on the traditional approach to human behavior, which states that severe form of leadership must be used to persuade workers towards achieving the organizational goals. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. Social psychologist mcgregors theory x and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. It implies that employees are reluctant to organizational changes. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Designmethodologyapproach an empirical study was conducted through. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison.
To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at when you look at your team, what do you see. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. Control, achievement and continuous improvement achieved by enabling, empowering and giving responsibility. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube.
Now, if a is a prime less than equal to j 1, x ja has smallest prime factor a, and has already been. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. Generally, theory x style managers believe their employees are less intelligent. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. Deming went to japan just after the war to help set up. A pure theory y approach can work in exceptional circumstances, when almost all workers are totally dedicated to the task at hand. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. All about mcgregors theory x and theory y 12manage. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals.
Gauge interactions and topological phases of matter. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self centred, lacks. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Edwards deming w edwards deming was an american statistician who is associated with the rise of japan as a manufacturing nation, and with the invention of total quality management tqm. Theory w is a nice name for the theory of talent management i am starting to make up. These theories continue to be important even today. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Essay on theory x and theory y 1295 words bartleby. The purpose of this paper is to apply mcgregors theory x and theory y to study teacher motivation in higher education. Central charges and rg flow of stronglycoupled n 2 theory arxiv. Managers can be said to follow either view of their workforce. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theoryy stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man at work.
831 976 1292 141 114 140 1218 881 474 472 1273 1411 376 40 178 705 1475 61 173 479 1170 1172 1113 1341 680 1168 890 927 975 1153 539 1197 256 1248 944